【英语语法】00831现代英语语法-复习资料

1. A text consists of one or more sentences.
2. A sentence consists of one or more clauses.
3. A clause consists of one or more phrases.
4. A phrase consits of one or more words.
5. A word consists of one or more morphemes

A free morpheme is a morpheme that has a meaning of its own and can be used independenctly. A free morpheme can be a simple word or a root of a derivative.

A bound morpheme is morpheme that hasn’t a meaning of its own and can’t be used independenctly. A bound morpheme often possess additional or grammatical features.

Generally speaking, free morpheme often carry the meaning and bound morpheme often show grammatical features.

A morph is the realization a an othographic form in writing and a phonetic form in speaking of a morpheme.

A allomorph is the indistinctive variant of a morpheme.

A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes haven removed and it is not further analyzable in morphological term.

A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all the inflectional affixes have been removed.

A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

The vast majority of prefixes do not chage the original word class, and they tend to be semantically oriented. It adds new meaning to a base.

Suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes, they do not tend to be semantically changed.

1. Affixation-a word is fromed by attaching a lesser morpheme, an affix to a base element.
2. Composition-a word is formed by compounding more than one base and this word functions both grammatically and semantically as a single word.
3. Convertion-the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word without the addition of affix.
4. Blending-a word formed from parts of two or more other words.
5. Backformation(逆生法)-formed from verbs.
6. Shortening-is a process whereby part of a word is clipped so that the origainal word is shortended to a smaller word.
7. Acronym(首字母缩略法)-a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.

simple verb phrase: modifier+main verb; I full appreciate your work。

complex verb phrase: auxiliary + main verb; Even experts can make mistake.

finite verb phrase: She likes black coffee.(finite verb bears with the tense maker and in some cases keeps in concord with the subject.)

non-finite verb phrase: She hates being called by the wrong name.

SV, SVC,SVO,SVA,SVOO,SVOC,SVOA

S=subject, V=verb, O=object, A=adverbial

finite clauses have subjects and finite verbs as predicates.

non-finite clauses leave subjects unsai and verbs in non-finite forms.

simple: one-clause sentence

compound: more than one clause,which are related to one another by coordination.

complex: more than one clause, which are related to one another by subordination.

Declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives and exclamatives

Declaratives are concerned with giving information and associated with staments.

Interrogatives are primarily concerned with requiring information and associated with questions.

Imperatives are primarily concerned with requiring actions and associated with commands.

Exclamatives are primarily concerned with the speaker’s impression of something or associated with exclamations.

Transferred negation often occurs with such verbs that express opinion as think,believe,suppose,imagine,epxect.

I think that he won’t come tomorrow. (stronger negative force) I don’t think he’ll come tomorrow. (far more common) I don’t imagine Tony will learn from this lesson, will he.

The may regarded as the speaker’s invitations or sugguestions, made in tentative way as they often are, rather than his negative assumption.

They are like imperatives: Won’t you come in?

The also can be like exclamations: Isn’t it lovely?

The defferences between determiners and adjectives are in a number of significant ways:

1. Determiners usually precede adjectives in premodification;
2. the choice of determiners is often determined by the head word but not that of adjectives;
3. adjectives describe the head word by showing its characteristics, but determiners determines the head word by identifying or quantifying
4. adjectives can postmodify the head word, but not determiners
5. adjectives hvae comparative form, inflectional or peeriphrastic,but not determiners(except few,little, many and much)

Predeterminers or central determiners are mutually exclusive. That is, in one and the same noun phrase, there could be only one predeterminer or one central determiner.

Postdeterminers are note mutually exclusive that is, in one and the same noun phrase, ther could be two or more postdeterminers.

Generic reference: It denotes class memberships and it can also refer to a class as a whole. It is realized by a singular countable noun that goes with an indefinite article “a(n)”, or a singular countable noun with a definite article “the” or a plural countable noun that goes without an article.

Specific reference: It can be made either in a definite way or in an indefinite way. Definite specifi reference identifies the reerent in question and is realized by a noun with a definite ariticle “the”. Indefinite specific reference, however, points to a particular, actual example of the class and it is realized by a singulr countable noun with an indefinite article “a(n)”.

The definite article can be used for generic reference. For example, The panda is a rare animal. The panda here still denotes the whole species.

The indefinite article can also be used for specific reference. For example, A dog charged at me when I was on my way home last night.

1. The genitive is commonly preferred with nounds referring to people.
2. The of-phrase is required with a noun phrase whose head word is a classifying adjective.(the welfare of the poor)
3. Generally, of-phrase is not used with first names, but would be acceptable with full names.
4. The genitive is also used with nouns denoting time. (three years’ time)

1. The second noun in the double genitive construction almost always refers to persons,never to objects.
2. The first noun usually has indefinite reference and the second noun is always definite.
3. Exception to the rule are the cases where the first noun is premodified by a demonstrative or postmodified by a relative clause.

1. external truth, general timeless statement, scientific statements.表客观存在。(The earth around the sun.)
2. the present existence or state of affairs and the time span is somewhat limited.表现状。(He is an honest man.)
3. regular recurrence. 表现在习惯动作。 (I cycle to work.)
4. the presentation of an event that happens simultaneously with speech, such as declarations where the speech and the action are the same thing, sports commentaries or demonstraions of how to do sth. 宣布说话与动作发生：比赛解说，演讲。
5. The past events or states denoted by the simple present are brought up to the present time as if they were actually happening at the moment of speech,for an effect of descriptive vividness. 小说叙述，新闻标题，图片解说等。
6. 一般现在时表示将来时间主要有两种情况：1.在从句里，2.在主句里，表示不可更改的将来事情。(We’ll have to stay at home if it rains tomorrow.)

1. 表达过去发生的事情，过去的状态，过去的习惯等
2. 表现在：主要表示说话人委婉，客气的态度
3. 表现在：还表示与现在情况相反的假设（如if)
4. 表将来：基本表示假设，用于从句中。由时间状语帮助表达

1. 表示说话和动作同时进行： why are you driving so fast. (一般现在时表示的动作更短暂)
2. 一般现在时用于长久性的动作，现在进行时表达动作的短暂性。My roommate usually gets up late. But he is getting up early these days.
3. 与高频状语连用，表赞许，厌恶等感情意味。She is always complaining.
4. 表示刚刚过去的时间里发生的动作或表示计划中的将来发生的动作。What are you thinking about? He is giving a lecture on speech communication this afternoon.

主要表示过去某一时间或阶段正在进行的动作。表示臆断中的事情，婉转口气。(I wish you were not driving so fast. I was hoping you could do us a favor.)

表示过去常与时间状语连用。

与一般现在时相比，过去进行时更明确地表示动作的未完成性，尤其是过渡动词。 The man was dying. The man died.

主要表示发生在过去但与与现在有关的事情。

1. 与一般过去时的区别：一般过去时表示的动作与现在时间无关. He has worked hard all his life(人还活着). He worked hard all his life(人已经死了).

过去完成时表示假设，未曾实现的希望，打算，意图等

I had wanted to call you but my phone broke down.